How to be an antiracist

by Ibram X. Kendi - pub. 2019

All the details - part 2, page 110 to 225

 

Page 110 - 113 - We now find out that light skin blacks have it better then dark skin blacks. “Dark African Americans are disproportionately at risk of hypertension. Dark African American students receive significantly lower GPSs than light students.” “Is that why employers prefer Light Black men over Dark Black men regardless of qualifications?” And that’s not all.

“Dark sons and light daughters receive higher-quality parenting than light sons and dark daughters.” And Kendi “pledged to date only Dark women.” “White people and Dark people reject and envy Light people.”

Comment: Kendi is clueless and Insane. 

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Download a pdf of How to be an AntiRacist by Kendi to share with others.

 

Page 123 - “Black Floridians had not forgotten Jeb Bush’s termination of affirmative-action programs earlier in the year. We had voted to save the rest of America from the racist Bushes.”

Comment: Affirmative Action programs were implemented in the mid 1960s and were never meant to be permanent. They were intended to correct discrimination from the past. In the 1990s, public opinion turned against Affirmative Action - really quotas.

In 1999, Governor Jeb Bush banned affirmative action in Florida through Executive Order 99-281 or the “One Florida” Initiative. “One Florida” prohibits affirmative action systems in university admission, government employment and state contracting. Along with this, it created the Talented Twenty Program, which guaranteed that students in Florida graduating in the top 20% of their class admission to at least one of Florida’s public colleges. “One Florida” also increased funding for need-based financial aid for university students.(70)

Ten states in the US have banned affirmative action: California (1996), Texas (1996), Washington (1998), Florida (1999), Michigan (2006), Nebraska (2008), Arizona (2010), New Hampshire (2012), Oklahoma (2012), and Idaho (2020).

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Page 123, 124 - Kendi claims fraud in Bush’s win in Florida in the November 2000 presidential race. Not true. When the votes were tallied, Bush had won by 1,784 votes. Due to the closeness of the race, there was an automatic recount which confirmed Bush won.

Florida used a punch card system in 2000. If a voter didn’t push the handle hard enough, the punch card would be dimpled instead of having a circular hole in it for the machine to count. So Gore demanded a hand recount so any dimpled punches besides Gore’s name would be a new vote for Gore. This manual recount resulted in subjectivity, where workers tried to determine the intent of the voter. Some cards had deep dimples, while others had a slight mark. This hand count eliminated the strict uniform standards of a machine.     

Gore demanded manual recounts in four counties he won - Volusia (53-45%), Palm Beach (62-35%), Miami-Dade(53-46%), and Broward (67-31%). These Democratic counties would surely give Gore the votes he needed. These counties began applying their own standards and interpretation to ambiguous ballots. Votes that were previously discarded where now being included in the tally. Broward County adopted the most liberal standard, and gave Gore his biggest boost during the 37 day period: almost 600 net votes.) 

The U.S. Supreme Court ended the partisan recount on Dec 13, 2000 which made George Bush the official winner of Florida. Following this ruling, media and academic organizations conducted two different studies of the disputed ballots in Florida.

Both studies showed Bush would have most likely won the Florida statewide hand recount of all undervotes. Undervotes are ballots that did not register a vote in the presidential race. This nullifies the belief by some that Bush was ‘selected,’ not ‘elected.’ (71) 

Palm Beach Post columnist Frank Cerabino summed up both studies this way: “Like sorting grains of sand on a windy day, getting a definitive recount of Florida’s votes in last year’s presidential election has turned out to be an exercise in frustration.”

In a statewide election decided by hundreds, maybe only dozens, of votes, the limitations of the voting machinery – compounded with sometimes sloppy custody of the ballots and the slight but measurable biases of allegedly neutral human tabulators – made getting precise vote totals virtually impossible. (72)

It should be remembered that Ralph Nader, who ran on the Green Party platform is the person who cost Gore the election. Nader got 97,488 votes. Had he not run, most of those votes would have gone to Gore. Also ignored was the vote in New Mexico, where Gore defeated Bush by 0.06% - 286,783 to 286,417.  Also interesting to note that Jeb Bush was re-elected governor of Florida in 2002 by 56 to 43% 

Due to the Florida controversy in the 2000 election, Congress passed the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) in 2002. The bill passed in the House 357-48 and 92-2 in the Senate and was signed into law by President Bush on October 29, 2002. The goals of HAVA were:

1) Replace punch card and lever-based voting systems.
2) Create the Election Assistance Commission to assist in the administration of federal elections.
3) Establish minimum election administration standards.
4) Requires voters identified as ineligible but who believe themselves to be eligible, to be able to cast a provisional ballot until their eligibility is determined. In the 2004 election, 1.9 million voters nationwide cast provisional ballots. Of those, 64.5% were counted.

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Page 124 - Kendi claims many voters were disenfranchised after the November, 2000 election. The U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, under Mary Frances Berry, investigated the Florida vote. Mary Francis Berry is a racist left wing radical who has no objectivity. Her ‘investigation’ into the Florida 2000 vote makes her findings unreliable and tainted with prejudice. 

Berry - who is black - has been quoted saying: “Civil rights laws were not passed to protect the rights of white men and do not apply to them.”   (73)

Berry encouraged lying about the Tea Party movement in July 2010: “Tainting the tea party movement with the charge of racism is proving to be an effective strategy for Democrats. There is no evidence that tea party adherents are any more racist than other Republicans, and indeed many other Americans. But getting them to spend their time purging their ranks and having candidates distance themselves should help Democrats win in November. Having one’s opponent rebut charges of racism is far better than discussing joblessness.” (73)

The report made many accusations. However, the report also stated: “The report does not find that the highest officials of the state conspired to disenfranchise voters. Moreover, even if it was foreseeable that certain actions by officials led to voter disenfranchisement, this alone does not mean that intentional discrimination occurred.” (74) 

The final report by Berry was severly criticized by two member of the commission, Abigail Thernstrom and Russell Redenbaugh, who stated: 

“The Commission’s report has little basis in fact. Its conclusions are based on a deeply flawed statistical analysis coupled with anecdotal evidence of limited value, unverified by a proper factual investigation. This shaky foundation is used to justify charges of the most serious nature—questioning the legitimacy of the American electoral process and the validity of the most recent presidential election. The report’s central finding—that there was “widespread disenfranchisement and denial of voting rights” in Florida’s 2000 presidential election—does not withstand even a cursory legal or scholarly scrutiny. Leveling such a serious charge without clear justification is an unwarranted assault upon the public’s confidence in American democracy.” (p1)

“What appears to be partisan passions not only destroyed the credibility of the report itself, but informed the entire process that led up to the final draft. At the Florida hearings, Governor Jeb Bush was the only witness who was not allowed to make an opening statement. The Chair, Mary Frances Berry, was quoted in the Florida press as comparing the Governor and Secretary of State to “Pontius Pilate... just washing their hands of the whole thing.” On March 9, six commissioners voted to issue a “preliminary assessment”—in effect, a verdict—long before the staff had completed its review of the evidence.” (p1,2)

“The majority report lays the blame for the supposed “disenfranchisement” of black voters at the feet of state officials—particularly Governor Jeb Bush and Secretary of State Katherine Harris. In fact, however, elections in Florida are the responsibility of 67 county supervisors of election. And, interestingly, in all but one of the 25 counties with the highest spoilage rates, the election was supervised by a Democrat—the one exception being an official with no party affiliation.” (p5)

“The majority report argues that much of the spoiled ballot problem was due to voting technology. But elected Democratic Party officials decided on the type of machinery used, including the optical scanning system in Gadsden County, the state’s only majority-black county and the one with the highest spoilage rate.” (p5)

“The shoddy quality of the work, its stolen-election message, and its picture of black citizens as helpless victims in the American political process is neither in the public interest nor in the interest of black and other minority citizens. Do we really want black Americans to believe there is no reason to get to the polls; elections are always stolen; they remain disenfranchised? There is important work the Commission can do. But not if its scholarly and procedural standards are as low as those in this Florida report.” (p55)(75)

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Mary Frances Berry (121)

Page 124 - “Earlier in the year, Florida purged fifty-eight thousand alleged felons from the voting rolls. Black people were only 11 percent of registered voters but comprised 44 percent of the purge list. And about twelve thousand of those people purged were not convicted felons.”

Comment: This charge is also debunked by the two dissenting members of the commission, Abigail Thernstrom and Russell Redenbaugh.

More blacks were on the felon list “because a higher proportion of blacks have been convicted of felonies in Florida, as elsewhere in the nation. But there is no evidence that the state targeted blacks in a discriminatory manner in constructing a purge list, or that the state made less of an effort to notify listed African Americans and to correct errors than it did with whites. The Commission did not hear from a single witness who was actually prevented from voting as a result of being erroneously identified as a felon. Furthermore, whites were twice as likely as blacks to be placed on the list erroneously, not the other way around.” 

“The compilation of the purge list was part of an anti-fraud measure enacted by the Florida legislature in the wake of a Miami mayoral election in which ineligible voters cast ballots. The list for the 2000 election was over-inclusive, and some supervisors made no use of it. (The majority report did not bother to ask how many counties relied upon it.) On the other hand, according to the Palm Beach Post, more than 6,500 ineligible felons voted.”

“Based on extensive research, the Miami Herald concluded that the biggest problem with the felon list was not that it wrongly prevented eligible voters from casting ballots, but that it ended up allowing ineligible voters to cast a ballot. The Commission should have looked into allegations of voter fraud, not only with respect to ineligible felons, but allegations involving fraudulent absentee ballots in nursing homes, unregistered voters, and so forth. Across the country in a variety of jurisdictions, serious questions about voter fraud have been raised.” (p 45) (75) 

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Page 124 - “Palm Beach County used confusing ballots that caused about nineteen thousand spoiled ballots and perhaps three thousand Gore voters to mistakenly vote for Pat Buchanan.”

Comment: Theresa LePore, a staunch democrat designed the infamous butterfly ballot. She was voted out of office in 2004. (76)

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Page 127 - Kendi launches into a diatribe: “All those White policemen intimidating voters.” ”White people showed me they did not actually care about national unity or democracy, only unity among and democracy for White people.” 

Comment: Kendi is wrong - again. There is zero EVIDENCE police were intimidating voters. 

This charge was also debunked by the two dissenting members of the commission, Abigail Thernstrom and Russell Redenbaugh.

“As the chief of the Florida Highway Patrol, Colonel Charles C. Hall, testified in Tallahassee, there was one motor vehicle checkpoint, in Leon County, on election day. That checkpoint was not adequately authorized and resulted in one complaint. The equipment checkpoint operation lasted about 90 minutes (between 10:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m.) and occurred more than two miles away and on a different roadway from the nearest polling facility.

Of the approximately 150 cars stopped at the checkpoint, a total of 18 citations or notices of faulty equipment were issued to 16 different individuals, 12 of whom were white. The citizen who lodged the complaint testified that she had contacted the NAACP after she returned from voting, yet refused to meet with the FHP to assist their investigation. Despite this one, highly publicized incident, there has been no evidence whatsoever of police intimidation of voters.” (p 50) (75)  

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Page 129 - Donald Trump’s economic policies are geared toward enriching White male power - but at the expense of most of his White male followers, along with the rest of us.”

Comment: Kendi is totally brainwashed. Everyone, including whites and minority groups benefited greatly from Trump’s economic policies. Unemployment rates for whites and Blacks hovered for months at or near historic lows. Covid then wrecked our economy.

High employment under Trump led to minorities experiencing the largest income gains. Real median income grew by 7.9% for Blacks in 2019. That outpaced 2018’s income growth of 2.6% and 2017’s income decline of -2.4%. Income gains for Blacks translated into real economic mobility. Not only did the poverty rate for Blacks fall to an all time record low in 2019, but it also dipped below 20% for the first time. (77)

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Page 130 - Kendi makes a fraudulent attempt to link the Civil Rights Act 1866 with opposition to Affirmative Action (quotas) today. This bill became law when Congress overrode the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was United States Senator Lyman Trumbull - who Kendi condemned on page 206.

This law stated that “all persons born in the United States” (except for Indigenous groups) were “hereby declared to be citizens of the United States” and that “such citizens of every race and color ... shall have the same right ... as is enjoyed by white citizens.” 

The 1866 Act reversed the 1857 Supreme Court ruling in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case, which held that  native-born, free African Americans were not U.S. citizens and thus had no rights to sue in American courts. 

Two years later, in 1868, these rights were further protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which guaranteed citizenship for former slaves and guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law.

Kendi claims opposing Affirmative Action (quotas) today makes you a racist who would have opposed the 1866 civil rights bill. The two are not comparable. An ignorant comparison. Afirmative Action programs were implemented in the mid 1960s and were never meant to be permanent. They were intended to correct discrimination from the past. In the 1990s, public opinion turned against Afirmative Action - really quotas. Quotas have outlived their usefulness.

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Page 131 - Kendi says “White Supremacists hate people of color and Jews.” But Kendi supports Louis Farrakhan, who has an extreme hatred of Jews and white people - see page 56. Most of the attacks on Jews in the NYC area in recent years has been by blacks. (78) 

 

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Obama and Louis Farrakhan
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Page 132 - “White supremacist is code for anti-White, and White supremacy is nothing short of an ongoing program of genocide against the White race. In fact, it’s more than that: White supremacist is code for anti-human, a nuclear ideology that poses an existential threat to human existence.

Comment: WOW. Kindly name the American White supremacist who poses an existential threat to the White race or human existence. I can think of one American who supports genocide against the White race - Kamau Kambon. Kambon taught Africana Studies in the Spring 2005 semester at North Carolina State University. Kambon told an audience at Howard University Law School in 2005 that the solution to racial issues is to exterminate white people off the face of the planet - and some in the audience clapped. (79)

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Page 132 - “They [whites] heil Adolf Hitler’s Nazis, even though it was the Nazis who launched a world war that destroyed the lives of more than forty million White people and ruined Europe.”

Comment: More fake history from Kendi. There has never been a large number of Nazis in the U.S. Today, there are well under 1,000 which is less then .001 per cent of the U.S. population. The small number of Americans who profess Nazi beliefs have zero influence on the policy of the U.S. or any state or city in the U.S.

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Kamau Kambon

Page 132-133 - “I kept reading, trying to find the source of White evil. I found more answers in Senegalese scholar Cheikh Anta Diop’s two cradle theory. . .” Diop’s two-cradle theory suggested the harsh climate and lack of resources in the northen cradle nurtured in Europeans barbaric, individualistic, materialist, and warlike behaviors, which brought destruction to the world. The amenable climate and abundance of resources in the southern cradle nurtured the African behaviors of community, spirituality, equanimity, and peace, which brought civilization to the world.”

Comment: Nice fairy tale, but Kendi is all wrong - as usual. Africa has had continuous wars like countries on other continents. Africa had slavery - including chattel slavery and slave markets. Some examples: 

Mungo Park toured central Africa between 1795 and 1797 and wrote a detailed account of his travels. 

"WAR: In a country divided into a thousand petty states, mostly independent and jealous of each other, where every freeman is accustomed to arms and fond of military achievements, where the youth, who has practised the bow and spear from his infancy, longs for nothing so much as an opportunity to display his valour, it is natural to imagine that wars frequently originate from very frivolous provocation.  When one nation is more powerful than another, pretext is seldom wanting for commencing hostilities.  Thus the war between Kajaaga and Kasson was occasioned by the detention of a fugitive slave; that between Bambarra and Kaarta by the loss of a few cattle. Other cases of the same nature perpetually occur in which the folly or mad ambition of their princes and the zeal of their religious enthusiasts give full employment to the scythe of desolation."  (p 290)

"SLAVERY: "The slaves in Africa, I suppose, are nearly in the proportion of three to one to the freemen. They claim no reward for their services except food and clothing, and are treated with kindness or severity, according to the good or bad disposition of their masters.          

“the value of a slave, in the eye of an African purchaser, increases in proportion to his distance from his native kingdom: for when slaves are only a few days’ journey from the place of their nativity they frequently effect their escape; but when one or more kingdoms intervene, escape being more difficult, they are more readily reconciled to their situation. The slaves which are purchased by the Europeans on the coast are chiefly of this description.”

"The slaves which are thus brought from the interior may be divided into two distinct classes - first, such as were slaves from their birth, having been born of enslaved mothers; secondly, such as were born free, but who afterwards, by whatever means, became slaves. Those of the first description are by far the most numerous. 

The comparatively small proportion of free people to the enslaved throughout Africa has already been noticed. Thus when Mansong, king of Bambarra, made war upon Kaarta (as I have related in a former chapter), he took in one day nine hundred prisoners, of which number not more than seventy were freemen. This account I received from Daman Jumma, who had thirty slaves at Kemmoo, all of whom were made prisoners by Mansong." (Page 287 - 289) (80)

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Mungo Park

King Shaka Zulu  (1787-1828) - was a warrior in southern Africa. When Shaka’s father, Senzangakhona died in 1816, Shaka's younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power. He was quickly assassinated and Shaka became ruler. Shaka turned the Zulu tribe into a fearsome fighting force.  A tribe to the north, Ndwandwe, were raiding the Zulu but by 1819, Shaka had defeated them. Shaka Zulu then launched a devastating series of wars against neighboring tribes. 

After Shaka Zulu’s mother died in Oct, 1827, Shaka executed about 7,000 people who were deemed to be insufficiently grief-stricken. (81) In 1828, Shaka's two half-brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana killed Shaka and Dingane became leader of the Zulu tribe. Dingane continued the conquest of southern Africa and by 1840 had run the Soshangane, Zwangendaba, Ndebele, Hlubi, Ngwane, and Mfengu tribes out of southern Africa. This warfare resulted in 1 million or more black people being killed. (82) (83) 

Shaka created a ruthless determination in his army. If a soldier did not perform well in combat he was executed as soon as the fight was over. If one of Shaka’s army units was defeated a goodly proportion of the wives and children belonging to them were beaten to death on [Shaka]'s orders, and he would wait for the soldiers arrival to complete his vengeance by dashing out their brains. (84)

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Mansa Musa was born is 1280 AD and ruled the kingdom of Mali from 1312 C.E. to 1337. A devout Muslim, he is famous for his journey to Mecca in 1324-1325 with 60,000 men and 12,000 slaves - each carrying gold bars. 

With an army numbering around 100,000 men, including cavalry with 10,000 horses. Mansa Musa attacked neighboring countries and doubled the size of Mali, making it second in size only to that of the Mongol Empire at the time. (85) 

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Ewuare the Great - King of Benin. Ewuare ruled the Benin Empire from 1440 until 1473. Ewuare’s kingdom grew from a small group of villages to a substantial kingdom. Ewuare is credited with conquering at least 201 surrounding towns and villages during his reign. 

Ewuare also reformed the country’s administration with the creation of town chiefs and palace chiefs, who would collect tribute and deal with legal issues. Ewuare encouraged the freeborn population to work in the palace for small wages. (86)

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Page 143 - Kendi has a hissy fit over the 2004 Presidential vote in Ohio, claiming Bush stole it from Kerry. The problem with Kendi throughout this book is he never reads information from an opposing point of view. Kendi never challenges himself intellectually.

In June 2005, the Democratic National Committee issued its report on the 2004 presidential election in Ohio. This report concludes:

“Despite the problems on Election Day, there is no evidence from our survey that John Kerry won the state of Ohio. Two (2) percent of voters who went to the polls on Election Day decided to leave their polling locations due to the long lines. This resulted in approximately 129,543 lost votes. However, these potential voters would have divided evenly between George Bush and John Kerry. A smaller group of potential voters (0.08 percent) were not given ballots at all due to registration challenges. These approximately 4,798 voters favored Kerry, according to the poll (extreme sample size caution).”

“Finally, a third group of voters (equivalent to 0.83 percent of the voting population) did not go to the polls at all because they did not receive their absentee ballots, or had heard about long lines, registration challenges, and confusing polling sites. We do not know the voting preferences of these approximately 47,979 voters. However, even if they had all chosen Kerry, his overall gain of 52,777 votes would not have erased Bush’s 118,000 vote margin in the state.” (87)

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Page 147 - Kendi labels the killing of unarmed Shantel Davis in Brooklyn on 14 June 2012 a racist action by a black cop. Here is what Kendi didn’t tell you. Davis was a career criminal.

Shantel Davis, who was out on bail for attempted murder and kidnapping was being chased by police after Davis ran a series of red lights and then crossed over the yellow line hitting a van head on. As police approached, Davis slid into the passenger side of the car in an attempt to flee. She briefly struggled with a police officer and then slid back into the drivers seat.

Another police office, Phil Atkins, the black police officer Kendi declared was racist, reached in and tried to put the car in park while Davis put the car in reverse and attempted to drive off. Davis was shot in the Chest during the struggle with Atkins. She died a short time later.

Davis had an extensive criminal record including 8 arrests. Davis was due in court the following day to face charges of kidnapping, attempted murder and weapons possession stemming from an attack on April 23, 2011 — when Davis and her gang allegedly held a man hostage as they robbed his apartment. 

The heist netted cash, video games and jewelry. But the thieves threatened to take the 29-year-old man to East New York and torture him for more loot. He managed to break free and started running down the street. Davis' gang opened fire, striking the fleeing man three times in the back and once in the leg. He survived the wounds. Davis was out of jail on only $25,000 bond. 

The car Davis was driving she stole the week before. Davis pointed a pistol at the car's owner, Vilma Craig, 57, and told her to hand over the keys.

Arthur Post, a retired corrections captain, said he had known Davis, who was raised by her grandmother, for a long time.

“She was a fine young lady,” Post, 76, said. “Always polite, no sir, yes sir.” (88)(89)

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Page 148 - Kendi complains that “Black residents bombarded their politicians and crime fighters with their racist fear of Black criminals as opposed to criminals.”

Comment: Nothing wrong with identifying a criminal as ‘black.’  

 
 

Page 157 - “In the twenty-first century, persisting racial inequities in poverty, unemployment, and wealth show the lifework of the conjoined twins. The black poverty rate in 2017 stood at 20 percent, nearly triple the White poverty rate. The Black unemployment rate has been at least twice as high as the White unemployment rate for the last fifty years. The wage gap between Blacks and Whites is the largest in forty years. The median net worth of White families is about ten times that of Black families. According to one forecast, White households are expected to own eighty-six times more wealth than Black households by 2020 and sixty-eight times more than Latinx households. 

Comment: This is Kendi’s latest attempt to blame the White man for the plight of Black people and Latinx people in modern America - and it is all bogus. Civil Rights laws have been in effect since the mid 60s. Blacks and Latinos have all the educational opportunities necessary to advance and have had these opportunities for decades. No one is keeping blacks or Latin people down - except themselves.

Asians have thrived in America. Why is that?? In SAT scores, Asians do the best followed by whites, then hispanics and blacks are last. That is not the white man’s fault. 

Kendi fails to mention that families who identify as Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, other race, and all respondents reporting more than one racial identification—have higher wealth than Black and Hispanic families. (90)

The truth is minority ‘leaders’ are largely responsible for the poor academic achievement of blacks. As noted on page 7, on Aug 2021 - Oregon democrat Gov. Kate Brown signed Senate Bill 744 into law which allows ‘minority’ students to graduate without proving they can read, write, or do math for the next five years, while Oregon develops new ‘standards.’

The Governor’s spokesman, Charles Boyle, said that suspending the reading, writing and math proficiency requirements will benefit "Oregon’s Black, Latino, Latina, Latinx, Indigenous, Asian, Pacific Islander, Tribal, and students of colour."  

He added: "Leaders from those communities have advocated time and again for equitable graduation standards.” (12)

So when whites have the jobs, Al Sharpton will come to Oregon ranting about white supremacy.

The Kansas City School experiment - discussed on page 103 - proved that spending a huge amount of money on a minority school district accomplished NOTHING. Taxpayers shelled out nearly $2 billion over 12 years to build new schools, integrate classrooms, and bring student test scores up to national norms. But it was a failure. Test scores did not rise; the black-white gap did not diminish; and there was less, not greater, integration. (65)

The median net worth of White families is not ten times that of Black families - it is 7.8 times - and there is nothing wrong with that as it was done ethically. (91) 

The people who claim White households will own eighty-six times more wealth than Black households by 2020 and sixty-eight times more than Latinx households are using Kendi math - all bogus numbers. 

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Page 163 - “To love capitalism is to end up loving racism. To love racism is to end up loving capitalism.”“Capitalism is essentially racist; racism is essentially capitalist. They were birthed together from the same unnatural causes, and they shall one day die together from unnatural causes.”

Comment: More ignorance from Kendi. People have been abused and enslaved over the past 3,000 years under every conceivable economic system before capitalism was even invented. ANY economic system can be racist. It depends on the people - not the economic system. Capitalism is NOT inherently racist.

The Constitution of the United States was the opening shot in destroying slavery around the world.

Unions were formed in the past so the working man got his fair share. Blacks do not make less then white workers for the same job. Kendi gives no specifics because there are none.

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Page 163 - “I felt I needed to live around Black people in order to study and uplift Black people. Not just any Black people: poor Black people. I considered poor Blacks to be the truest and most authentic Representatives of Black people. I made urban poverty an entryway into the supposedly crime-riddled and impoverished house of authentic Blackness.”

Comment: So crime and poverty is authentic blackness. Good to know.

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Page 166 - Kendi finds a new hero taking a course in African American studies doctoral program at Temple University in Philadelphia. He reads the seminal work Afrocentricity by Molefi Kete Asante. Asante was Kendi’s teacher at Temple. Kendi writes: “In 1987, he [Asante] established the nation’s first African American studies doctoral program at Temple to wage the struggle, the program I entered twenty years later.”

Comment: Afrocentricity is really born out of a self imposed inferiority complex - blacks want to be different just to be different. So how do you activate your Africanness? Dressing in African clothes? Eating African food? Living in ghettos that Kendi admires? 

The truth is, all cultures are not created equal. If no culture was better then another, then sacrificing your baby to the gods would be acceptable. 

Afrocentricity demands an equal status with European culture. Not possible. Over the past 500 years, the vast majority of inventions have been by Europeans or Americans. European/American culture developed the finest civilization in history in the U.S. That’s why over 80 million people have immigrated to America since 1790.  Millions of Africans have come to the US since World War Two. America must not be so bad.

Blacks can always go back to Africa if they feel ‘in a box.’ 

 
 

Page 169 - Kendi does what he attacks others for doing - making inaccurate generalizations. Kendi: Whites “aspire to move into upscale White neighborhoods, home to white-collar criminals and banksters . . . who might steal your life savings. Americans lost trillions during the Great Recession, which was largely triggered by financial crimes of staggering enormity. Estimated looses from white-collar crimes are believed to be between $300 and $600 billion per year. . .” “Near the height of violent crime in 1995, the FBI reported the combined costs of burglary and robbery to be $4 billion.”

Comment: Kendi believes all white collar crimes are by whites. What a racist statement. Violent street crime is terrifying. Getting shot or beaten in a street robbery is no where close to credit card fraud. 

The following is a list of white-collar offenses: antitrust violations, bankruptcy fraud, bribery, computer and internet fraud, counterfeiting, credit card fraud, economic espionage and trade secret theft, embezzlement, environmental law violations, financial institution fraud, government fraud, healthcare fraud, insider trading, insurance fraud, intellectual property theft/piracy, kickbacks, mail fraud, money laundering, securities fraud, tax evasion, phone and telemarketing fraud, and public corruption.(92) Blacks commit lots of crimes on this list.  

*  According to the 2019 FBI crime report, Blacks are 13% of the population but committed a higher percentage of white collar crimes: (93)

 

Forgery and counterfeiting:

Fraud:

Embezzlement:

 

% White

67.1%

65.9%

60.5%

 

% Black

30.1

30.5

36.3

 

*  Aug 2019 - Federal authorities announced an indictment charging 80 people with stealing at least $46 million through various schemes. Most of the defendants are Nigerian blacks. (94)

*  Five blacks have been arrested for being part of a complex counterfeit money scheme that conned New Orleans area businesses out of thousands of dollars, according to the Slidell, LA Police Department. (95)

*  Police said six black teens from Fort Wayne were arrested in Plymouth Sunday for counterfeiting. (96)

*  A federal jury has convicted the suspended mayor of North Miami on charges of participating in an $8 million mortgage fraud scheme. (97)

Kendi also wants to blame the 2008 Great Recession on whites. As noted on page 18, the foundations for the economic crash of 2008 was laid by The Congressional Black Caucus, Bill Clinton and the democratic party in 1993 using the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) to force lending institutions to make bad loans to unqualified people. Clinton and the Democrats threatened to drag banks into court and have them fined and branded as racists if they didn't go along with the left's Affirmative Action lending policies.

In 2005, John McCain co-sponsored reforms that would have prevented the housing market collapse. President Bush went to Congress repeatedly for years warning them that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were going to wreck the economy. The Congressional Black Caucus condemned anyone opposing this program and (of course) claimed racism. Bush never confronted the people defending these sub-prime mortgages until it was too late.

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Page 173 - “Banks remain twice as likely to offer loans to White entrepreneurs than to black entrepreneurs.”

Comment: Here are a few reasons why it’s difficult for minority business owners to obtain small business funding - and it has nothing to do with racism:

1. Lower Net Worth
2. Not The Most Optimal Location
3. Poor Or Little Credit History

Today, there are alternative business financing companies that do not consider credit history, net worth or the business’s size. Most of the loans are 100% unsecured, meaning they do not require collateral or a personal guarantee. They lend to virtually every industry, including those considered risky, like retail or hospitality or smaller businesses like laundromats or convenience stores. (98) Kendi didn’t mention this, because his knee jerk reaction is to blame everything on racism.

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Page 177 - “King had a nightmare that came to pass. Non-White students fill most of the seats in today’s public school classrooms but are taught by 80 percent White teaching force, which often has, however unconsciously, lower expectations for non-White students.” “Low income Black students who have at least one Black teacher in elementary school are 29 percent less likely to drop out of school, 39 percent less likely among very low-income Black boys.” (99)

Comment: Apparently, Kendi wants to return to segregated schools where white students would be taught by white teachers and black students would be taught by black teachers. This would solve King’s ‘nightmare.’ But what if there are not enough black teachers?

In Baltimore, during the time period 2003 to 2015 the share of Black Teachers decreased from 63% to 38% (100) 

In a study of 9 cities, (not including Baltimore), the top three reasons black teachers cited for leaving include:

o   Dissatisfaction with Administration (81%),
o   Dissatisfaction with Accountability/Testing (65%),
o   Student Discipline Problems (61%),

Kendi doesn’t mention the report states: “studies do show that good instruction can override ethnicity in relation to academic outcomes. (100)   

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Page 179 - “Through lynching Black cultures, integrationists are, in the end, more harmful to Black bodies than segregationists are.

Comment: Kendi continuously claims that ‘white culture’ puts blacks into a ‘box.’ Exactly how are ‘black cultures’ being lynched?? Kendi wants to segregate American society by race.

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Page 180 - “Americans have seen the logical conclusion of segregationist strategy, from slavery to Jim Crow to mass incarceration and border walls.”

Comment: Kendi keeps promoting segregation and this constant reference to ‘mass incarceration’ by Kendi and others is all a LIE. THERE IS NO MASS INCARCERATION OF BLACKS - as the following chart shows:

Year

2017

2007

1996

1980

Black pop.

43.370,000

38,940,000

33,900,000

26,495,025 

Blacks in prison

  475,900

  592,900

  524,800

  145,300

Percent of blacks in prison

    1.1%

    1.52%

    1.55%

    0.55%

 
 

An incarceration rate under 2% is not mass incarceration - it is justifiable incarceration. (101)(102)(103)(104)

Kendi supports ‘open borders.’ Kendi refuses to recognize the difference between legal and illegal immigrants. This ignorant idea that Kendi and most democrat politicians hold is more reason to label democrats the traitor party - and vote republican. The U.S. has the right to control it’s borders like every other country.

Biden destroyed border security within 2 weeks of taking office. Results???  In addition to 1.73 million illegals caught by the border patrol in FY 2021 along the Mexican - U.S. border, at least 400,000 illegals entered undetected - smuggling fentanyl and other drugs into the country. (105) Many illegals were infected with Covid that Biden sent around the country. Some of them committed crimes. 

Trump had the border secured. In all of FY 2020 under Trump, border patrol captured 458,088 illegal border crossers. (106)

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Page 184 - “In the summer of 1971, Dad and a girlfriend before Ma ventured up to the Harlem Temple of the Nation of Islam.” “They were eating with one of the ministers. Dad’s girlfriend said something. The minister smacked her and smacked from his mouth, “Women are not to speak in the presence of men.”‘

Comment: In addition to Farrakhan’s hatred of whites and Jews, women are not allowed to speak in the presence of men. 

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Page 189 - “Gender racism was behind the growing number of involuntary sterilization of Black women by eugenicist physicians - two hundred thousand cases in 1970, rising to seven hundred thousand in 1980.

Comment: Figures for forced sterilizations in the U.S. vary widely. In 1973, the Southern Poverty Law Center filed a lawsuit to prevent doctors from threatening to terminate benefits from welfare mothers unless they consented to sterilization. The court claimed an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 poor people were sterilized annually. It is not known where these figures came from or if this was claimed by the SPLC. The SPLC is a partisan political organization known to make many bogus claims. (107) Kendi’s also doesn’t  tell you that sterilizations were performed on women and some men of all races.

The opposing argument in favor of sterilization of welfare mothers after multiple children is simple - taxpayers should not be forced to pay the cost of raising additional children from promiscuous women. (108)

The numbers that are widely accepted are all between 60,000 and 80,000 total - less then 0.1 percent of the nation’s population. Sterilizations based on Eugenics or preventing more pregnancies from welfare mothers should not be confused with voluntary sterilizations done in the name of family planning.

In 1905, the Harvard-educated professor and civil rights activist W.E.B. DuBois adopted eugenic principles. He believed “only fit blacks should procreate to eradicate the race’s heritage of moral iniquity.”  Dr. Thomas Wyatt Turner, a charter member of the NAACP, and many black academics at Tuskegee, Howard, and Hampton universities promoted “Assimilationist Eugenics.” They proposed that “The Talented Tenth” of all races should mix, as the best blacks were as good as the best whites. (109)

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Page 189 - “Gender racism produced the current situation of Black women with some collegiate education making less than White women with only high school degrees;”

Comment:  Not true. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 made it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women in the same workplace who perform substantially equal work. Also, Kendi doesn’t say what kind of a degree these black women received. Many colleges today teach courses there are no jobs for. 

Studies showing wage gaps are a fraud. Federal government statistics shows women make 84 percent of a man’s average wage. This is a meaningless statistic. Government stats don’t take into consideration hours worked, length of service, experience, quality of work performance, etc. (110)

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Page 189 - “Black women are three to four times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than are white women. A Black woman with an advanced degree is more likly to lose her baby than a White woman with less than an eigth-grade education.”

Comment: None of these statistics prove racism - assuming they are correct. Are Black woman taking vitamins during pregancy? Are black women capable of calling their doctor if they sense something is wrong? What is the lifestyle of black women during pregnancy? What is their overall health condition?

Would Kendi mention this fact if White women were three to four times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than black women? Just wondering. 

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Page 190 - “This is the gender racism that caused millions of men and women to hate the strong White woman running for president in 2016, Hillary Clinton.”

Comment: Hillary lost because a majority of voters didn’t like what she stood for. Of course, Kendi blames racism. Everything is racism. Plenty of other women have been elected to public office. 

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Page 206 - On Aug 22, 1862, Abraham Lincoln wrote to Horace Greeley, editor of the influential New York Tribune: “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do that.” “What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union.”

“On Janualry 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation as a ‘necessary war measure.’” (111)

Comment: Kendi wants to prove Abraham Lincoln didn’t really care about abolishing slavery, it was all about preserving the union. Kendi, in his zeal to attack Lincoln, seems to forget the reason the South seceded was because Lincoln opposed slavery. The reason we fought the Civil War was over slavery.

Lincoln became president-elect on Nov. 6, 1860. For the South, a staunch anti-slavery president was the last straw. If Lincoln didn’t care about the slaves, he had his chance to prove it on December 15, 1860, when Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden proposed the Crittenden Compromise. This bill was a series of constitutional amendments intended to make slavery permanently legal in the United States Constitution, and make it unconstitutional for future congresses to end slavery. 

This proposal would have prevented the south from seceding and prevented the Civil War - but President-elect Lincoln rejected the Crittenden Compromise - causing seven southern states to secede before Lincoln even took office on March 4, 1861: 

South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861) and Texas (February 1, 1861). 

After Lincoln took office, South Carolina bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 prompting four more states to secede: 

Virginia (April 17, 1861, Arkansas (May 6, 1861), North Carolina (May 20, 1861) and Tennessee (June 8, 1861). 

After the south seceded, Lincoln had to make an agonizing decision - let the south go its own way or declare war - recognizing the destruction that would result.

Lincoln’s letter to Greeley was written based on the current domestic/military situation. The Civil War had been raging for over a year and was not going well for the North. Tens of thousands of men on both sides were dead or wounded. There were 4 slave states who remained loyal to the union - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri - and Lincoln needed to keep them in the union. If these states seceded and joined the Confederacy, this could result in the North losing the Civil War and slavery would become permanent in the Confederacy - now an independent country.

Lincoln’s goal was to prevent slavery from spreading to the new states in the mid-west and western U.S. This way only free states would be admitted to the Union and anti slavery forces would control Congress. 

In a letter to Lyman Trumbull, on Dec. 10, 1860, Lincoln made it clear he opposed the expansion of slavery: “Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery. If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again.” 

In a letter to John A. Gilmer, a Congressman from North Carolina on December 15, 1860, which was soon published in newspapers, Lincoln wrote that the "only substantial difference" between North and South was that "You think slavery is right and ought to be extended; we think it is wrong and ought to be restricted." (112) 

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Page 206 - “”After winning the Civil War, racist Republicans (to distinguish from the less numerous antiracist Republicans) voted to establish the Freedmen’s Bureau, reconstruct the South, and extend civil rights and voting privileges to create a loyal Southern Republican base and secure Black people in the South far away from northern Whites, who “want nothing to do with the negroes” as Illinois Senator Lyman Trumbull, one of the laws’ main sponsors, said.

Comment: Kendi’s all consuming racism causes him to tell lots of lies to invent fraudulent history.

The so-called Radical Republicans - who Kendi, in his ignorance, is mocking - were a faction of the Republican Party from the founding of the Party in 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Their goal was immediate, permanent eradication of slavery, without compromise. Radicals led efforts after the war to establish civil rights for former slaves and fully implement emancipation. After weaker measures in 1866 resulted in violence against former slaves in the rebel states, Radicals pushed the Fourteenth Amendment and statutory protections through Congress. They opposed allowing ex-Confederate officers to retake political power in the Southern United States, and emphasized civil rights and voting rights for the "freedmen.” (113) 

On January 12, 1865, twenty African-American ministers, with Rev. Garrison Frazier as their spokesman, met with General Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. The meeting took place at General Sherman's Southern mansion headquarters in Savannah. The purpose of the meeting was to determine the best way to help 4 million newly freed slaves. Rev. Frazier answered about twelve questions concerning matters relating to the freedom of slaves. His answers were very explicit and every one attending the meeting agreed with him. (114) 

Four days after the meeting General Sherman issued Special Field Order 15, which redistributed 400,000 acres of land to newly freed Black families in forty-acre segments - enough for 10,000 farms. President Lincoln fully supported giving this land to freed slaves. Tragically, Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson became president and terminated the transfer of this land, returning it to the men who had fought against the Union.

President Lincoln fully supported giving this land to freed slaves. Tragically, Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson became president and terminated the transfer of this land, returning it to the men who had fought against the Union.Before Lincoln’s death, the Freedmen’s Bureau was established on March 3, 1865, two months before the  Civil War ended.  Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, an ardent abolitionist known as the Christian general, became the first and only commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau from May 1865 to July 1874.

Howard’s days were spent looking after the welfare of the recently emancipated slaves. The Freedmen’s Bureau fed millions of people, built hospitals and provided medical aid, negotiated labor contracts for ex-slaves and settled labor disputes. It also helped former slaves legalize marriages and locate lost relatives, and assisted black veterans. The bureau also was instrumental in building thousands of schools for blacks.

Howard promoted education throughout his life - having founded Howard University in 1867. The general was also instrumental in the establishment of Lincoln Memorial University in the mountains of Tennessee.  

The comments of Sen. Trumbull are his views, not the views of the hundreds of people who worked to create the Freedmen’s bureau and then worked to fulfill it’s agenda, sometimes under very trying conditions. Trumbull had difficulty figuring out his political beliefs. He started out being a democrat, then a Republican, then Liberal Republican and finally Democrat again. He was never in the wing of the Radical Republicans. 

Yet Trumbull fiercly opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and was appalled by the Dred Scott decision. While calling for compromise, he rejected the Crittenden Compromise measures, supported the Emancipation Proclamation and, most famously, co-authored the Thirteenth Amendment, after he insisted that an end to slavery could not be achieved with a mere act of Congress. (115) 

Between 1810 and 1850, the Underground Railroad helped to guide one hundred thousand enslaved people to freedom. Trumbull never criticized the Underground Railroad. There is no evidence that blacks wanted to move to the northern states or that whites prevented them from immigrating to northern states. Blacks had lived in the south for over a century.

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Page 209, 213 - On December 4, 2006, in Jena, Louisiana, six black students in the local high school attacked a white student, Justin Barker from behind. Barker was punched, kicked, and stomped into unconsciousness in this unprovoked attack.

He woke up in the emergency room, his right eye swollen shut and his jaw fractured. Both took months to heal, and he still deals with TMJ — a popping in the joint where the jaw connects to the skull. He sued the defendants and was awarded $22,000 for medical bills and $7,000 in damages. (116) 

Comment:  The response to this attack by black America shows their moral depravity. Kendi’s racism and lies is on full display here. After the police arrested the 6 students. The racists who run America’s ‘civil right’ movement defended the 6 black attackers. 

The black attackers claimed that they beat Justin Barker because he made a racist joke, but that turned out to be a lie. School Superintendent Breithaupt described the battery as a "premeditated ambush and attack by six students against one. 

Racists like Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson showed up to lead a march in support of the six criminals. Fund raisers were held. Rapper Bomani Armah recorded a song in support of the Jena six.(117) 

The Congressional Black Caucus - a racist group - sided with the thugs and called upon outgoing Louisiana Governor Blanco to pardon the Jena Six on December 19, 2007, stating that "we believe Mychal Bell and the Jena 6 have paid a sufficient debt to society for any transgressions they may have committed". (118) 

Kendi doesn’t even say the name of the student who was attacked. Kendi is only concerned with the thugs who beat an innocent young man for no reason. Kendi mobilized a campaign on college campuses to free the Jena 6: Kendi “began presenting the 106 campaign to free the Jena 6. I began with phase one: Mobilize at least 106 students on 106 campuses in the mid-Atlantic to rally locally by the end of September and fundraise for the Jena 6 legal defense fund.”

At a meeting explaining his plan, when someone suggested they could be thrown into prison, Kendi snapped “Damn right we could go to prison!” “But I don’t care! We’re already in prison. That’s what America means: prison.” 

Asinine comments like these only divides the races. But that is Kendi’s goal.

On Dec 2007, Mychal Bell, who was most at fault for the attack, pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of battery, and was sentenced to 18 months in a juvenile facility. Bell had a criminal record at the time of the beating and was arrested for shoplifting on December 24, 2008.

The remaining five defendants entered pleas of "no contest" to a charge of simple battery.

The Jena six got off very lightly for the physical damage they did to Justin Barker. They have a large group of racist blacks to thank.

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Page 224, 225 - Kendi tells A LOT of lies concerning Trayvon Martin, who was shot and killed by a neighborhood watch volunteer - George Zimmerman - on February 26, 2012, in Sanford, Florida.

Comment: Trayvon Martin was NOT an innocent teenager. Martin attempted to kill Zimmerman because he was following him. Martin knocked Zimmerman down, got on top of him and began banging his head against the pavement. Zimmerman realized his life was at stake and shot Martin in self defense. Being followed would be irritating but not grounds for killing a person. 

 
 

Zimmerman had a rock solid case for self-defense, but the police were forced to charge Zimmerman under pressure from  the Obama Administration which turned this case into a kangaroo court. Even so, the evidence was overwhelming and Zimmerman was rightly found innocent.  (119)(120)

.

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George_Zimmerman_back_of_head2.jpg
George Zimmerman
 
George_Zimmerman_front_of_head2.jpg
George Zimmerman
 
TrayvonMartinHooded.jpg
Trayvon Martin
 

Page 235 - “My society has racism. The most serious stage. Racism is likely to kill my society. My society can survive racism against all odds.”

Comment: Black ‘civil rights’ leaders have racism - the most serious stage. The liberal media has spent years convincing black Americans they should vote Democrat to protect themselves from a racist America where whites want to harm them any way they can. The media and the democrat party is responsible for racial tensions in America. Kendi is a perfect example.

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To view this article on the web: 
 
http://americanaction.us/index.php/america-other-matters/critical-race-theory/how-to-be-an-antiracist-part-1/

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84. Cetywayo and his white neighbours - H. Rider Haggard 1882 - p 3
85. https://www.worldhistory.org/Mansa_Musa_I/
86. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/oba-ewuare-ogidigan
87. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wmebane/Ohio2004/OhioReportCover2Cover.pdf        Section III, page 2
88. https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/woman-clinging-life-shot-cops-brooklyn-article-1.1095976
89.  https://nypost.com/2012/06/15/cop-shoots-woman-charged-with-attempted-murder-dead-during-struggle-in-brooklyn/
90. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/disparities-in-wealth-by-race-and-ethnicity-in-the-2019-survey-of-consumer-finances-20200928.html
91. https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/01/politics/black-white-racial-wealth-gap/index.html
92. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/white-collar_crime
93. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/tables/table-43
94. https://6abc.com/fbi-bust-nigerian-money-laundering/5486555/
95. https://www.fox8live.com/story/28406447/5-arrested-for-counterfeit-money-scheme-in-slidell/
96. https://www.wane.com/news/teens-arrested-for-counterfeiting/
97. https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/suspended-north-miami-mayor-lucie-tondreau-convicted-in-mortgage-fraud-scheme/2058371/
98. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesfinancecouncil/2018/01/22/why-minorities-have-so-much-trouble-accessing-small-business-loans/?sh=42e7950155c4
99. https://ftp.iza.org/dp10630.pdf   p6
100. http://www.tdpbaltimore.org/teachers
101. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/30/shrinking-gap-between-number-of-blacks-and-whites-in-prison/
102. https://www.statista.com/statistics/183489/population-of-the-us-by-ethnicity-since-2000/
103. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1997/demo/p20-498.html.  (for 1996 blk pop)
104. Crime stats for 1980 and 1996: Population Growth in U.S. Prisons, 1980-1996 by Alfred Blumstein and Allen F. Beck, p 22
105. https://youtu.be/nT4d4eG384M      
106. https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-releases-fiscal-year-2020-southwest-border-migration-and
107. https://www.splcenter.org/seeking-justice/case-docket/relf-v-weinberger
108. https://www.thedailybeast.com/sterilized-for-being-poor
109. https://www.jpands.org/vol19no4/singleton.pdf
110. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/wkyeng_07172020.pdf
111. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation
112. https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/index.php/node/40516
113. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Radical_Republicans
114. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Frazier#cite_note-34
115. https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/6744 
116. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44275022
117. http://www.blackelectorate.com/articles.asp?ID=1997
118. https://www.newson6.com/story/5e367cf02f69d76f6208ffc1/congressional-black-caucus-seek-pardon-for-jena-6
119. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sya7BiEGyDM&t=46s
120. https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2019/09/the_trayvon_hoax_unmasking_the_witness_fraud_that_divided_america.html
121. https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/mary-frances-berry-55th-anniversary-civil-rights-act-1964
 

Nov 2022